Female Cat Intravesical Sequestration after Ovariosalpingohisterectomy Using Nylon Clamp

Background: The nylon clamp, marketed as an accessory of electrical devices, has been used as an alternative method for definitive surgical hemostasis by ligature of arteriovenous vessels in ovariosalpingohisterectomy (OSH) in bitches and female cats. However, since May 2015, the Brazilian Veterinary Statutory Body (CFMV - Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária) banned its application, once it is a material still not regulated to be used in animals, in addition to the numerous reports of postoperative complications. This paper reports the migration of the clamp used in the OSH to the urinary bladder of the cat and the implications of the presence of the foreign body, in addition to discussing the use of this device in surgeries.Case: A 1-year-old Persian female cat, which, three months after an elective OSH in a private veterinary clinic, presented polyuria and hematuria. The patient presented pain at abdominal palpation; in the WBC were observed leucopenia and eosinophilia, indicating a chronic inflammatory process installed; the urinalysis showed the presence of crystals, increased urinary density, milky aspect indicating presence of pus, proteinuria and hematuria; on ultrasound were observed the presence of two amorphous mobile structures inside the bladder, producing acoustic shadow, measuring approximately 0.4 and 0.6 cm in diameter, suggesting the presence of bladder urolithiasis. Considering the results, the patient was sent for a cystotomy. The association of acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg), morphine (0.2 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg) was used intramuscularly as preanesthetic medication. For anesthetic induction, 5 mg/kg of propofol was applied intravenously, in addition to epidural anesthesia with 1 mL/4 kg of lidocaine along 0.1 mg/kg of morphine and, for maintenance, isoflurane in oxygen at 100% was used. Then, a four-centimeter retro-umbilical incision was performed to exhibit the bladder. After the incision on the ventral aspect of the bladder wall, a nylon clamp with approximately 0.8 cm, present in the lumen was found and removed. The seromuscular synthesis of the bladder was with a 3-0 mononylon simple continuous suture, the muscle with a 2-0 mononylon sultan pattern, and in the skin an interrupted simple suture using 2-0 nylon was performed. Postoperative care comprised by amoxicillin with potassium clavulanate (15 mg/kg, orally, 8/8 h, 7 d), meloxican (0.15 mg/kg, orally, 24/24 h, 4 d) and tramadol (12 mg/kg, orally, 12/12 h, 4 d). After ten days, surgical stitches were removed, with good healing and clinical improvement, as well as remission of the symptomatology reported on anamnesis and physical examination.Discussion: The pathophysiology of the nylon clip migration probably occurred in a similar way to the intravesical migration of intrauterine devices (IUDs) to the abdominal cavity, bladder and intestine, in women. According to reports, it is a progressive event, in which several factors may be involved, mainly: inadequate implantation of devices, uterine infections, use of contaminated medical instruments, among others, followed by an inflammatory process, perforation of the uterine wall by the device, adhesions and migration to adjacent structures. In the present report, it is believed that the clamp lock failed in the procedure performed by the veterinarian responsible for OSH, with subsequent loosening and detachment, and migration to the urinary bladder, an organ located ventrally to the uterine body. However, the following hypotheses can also be raised: pregnancy at the moment of castration, followed by uterine stump retraction and release of the clamp; contamination of surgical instruments; postoperative infections and adhesions involving the bladder

Primary Ocular Transmissible Venereal Tumor in a Prepubescent Female Dog

Background: Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a peculiar neoplasm resulting from the transmission of host cancerous cells to another canid by implantation. Transmission occurs among reproductive age dogs, especially those with unrestricted sexual activity. It usually occurs on the external genitalia of dogs and other areas are unusual. However, implants have been described in injured mucosa, as well as metastases in lymph nodes, spleen, skin, anus and perianal space, oral mucosa, nasal mucosa, eyeball and brain. The purpose of this report is to describe the first case of exclusively extragenital ocular CTVT in a prepubescent female dog.Case: A 6-month-old mixed-breed, non-spayed and prepubescent female dog, showing a fast-growing reddish-colored mass in the right eye (RE), was examined. Blepharospasm, mild serosanguineous secretion, chemosis and a smooth surface reddish mass with 2.5 cm in length occupying the orbital area were observed during physical examination, impairing the visualization of the right eyeball. For ocular ultrasonography examination of the affected eye, acepromazine was used (0.03 mg/kg) associated with methadone (0.3 mg/kg) intramuscularly, and propofol (4 mg/kg) for induction and 0.2 mg/kg for maintenance, intravenously. Ultrasonography examination evidenced an amorphous hyperechogenic structure, medial to the RE, with homogeneous echotexture, punctiform vascularization to amplitude Doppler (Power Doppler), measuring 2.8 cm in length and 1.4 cm in diameter, causing eyeball distortion and rejection. Based on ultrasonography results and with the patient still anesthetized, an incisional biopsy of the peribulbar mass was performed with a 5 mm disposable punch. The final CTVT diagnosis was possible after histopathological analysis. No more CTVT nodules were found, especially in the vulva, which had a prepubescent appearance, consistent with age. Treatment with 4 sessions of chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate resulted in complete remission of the tumor mass. In the second session, it was already possible to visualize the eyeball with a significant remission of the tumor mass, ruling out neoplastic exceresis. At this time, threat response, normal direct and consensual photopupillary reflexes, normal eyelid reflex, corneal surface without slit lamp biomicroscopy and fluorescein staining were present in the RE. Nevertheless, there were mild diffuse corneal edema and slight ciliary injection. One percent prednisolone eye drops (8/8 h) and tobramycin eye drops (6/6 h) were prescribed for 1 week. In the fourth session of chemotherapy, no changes were observed in the RE.Discussion: In the present case, the diagnosis of CPVD in a prepubertal patient, primary orbital TVTV, and the fact that the structure of the eye bulb and visual function remain intact, even with the significant volume of orbital neoplasia, are highlighted. A single report of skin CTVT in an 11-month-old prepubescent female dog was found. It is important to emphasize that CTVT is typically of dogs of reproductive age that have genital masses. Usually, extragenital masses are related to the act of licking, scratching, biting or sniffing the primary tumor (self-implantation), or rarely, by metastasis, a fact not observed in the present report, since the ocular mass was the only manifestation. Treatment was conducted according to indications of the literature. Four injections of vincristine sulfate were necessary, observing complete remission of the tumor mass with no relapse after 30 days. In this case report, it was possible to observe that CTVT may reveal unusual behaviors regarding epidemiology, which, added to the rare form of exclusively extragenital ocular clinical manifestation, impose a diagnostic challenge, making the histopathological examination an important tool for diagnosis

Histopathological analysis of Colossoma macropomum liver, treated with bioproducts used by controlling parasites

Possible histological changes in the liver of Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1816 (tambaqui) generated by the use of products incorporated into the diet as a control method of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae Golvan, 1956 were evaluated. 1036 juveniles tambaqui with 77±3.0g of average weight were used, maintained in 28 polyethylene tanks of 1000L, with constant aeration and water recirculation system, using UV filter. The experimental units (30 fish per experimental unit) were distributed into four treatments, with seven replicates. The products, incorporated in fish oil, were added to the feed, according to the treatments: control group with commercial feed (Nutrizon Karino 36% GW) (A); extract of garlic (B); organic acids (C) and extract of garlic + organic acids (D). A parasitic and histopathological evaluation was performed at time zero (T0). During the experiment, two samples were collected, with an interval of five weeks, evaluating 15 fish per experimental unit. At the end, 63 liver samples for histological analysis were collected. The evaluated animals presented the expected growth for the species. 87.2% of efficacy was obtained with the association extract of garlic + organic acids. Hepatic morphological lesions compatible with toxicological processes were not observed, indicating a low toxicity for tested concentrations

Evaluation of solar exposure in Brachiaria decumbens poisoning in sheep

Foram utilizados 26 ovinos, entre 3 e 4 meses de idade, divididos em 3 grupos, provenientes de rebanhos que nunca tiveram contato com pastos de Brachiaria spp.. Dois grupos receberam Brachiaria decumbens no cocho diariamente ad libitum, sendo que um deles permaneceu em área com exposição solar (GS) e o outro foi mantido em baias cobertas protegidos do sol (GSB). O grupo controle (GC) foi também mantido em local com exposição solar e alimentado com feno de Cynodon dactylon e capim Pennisetum purpureum triturado. Todos os grupos receberam alimentação em cochos e foram suplementados com 200g/ dia/animal de ração comercial para ovinos. Foi realizada a avaliação clínica diária dos ovinos e colhidas amostras duas vezes por semana para dosagem sérica de AST e GGT. Os animais que morreram foram submetidos a necropsia e em todos os ovinos sobreviventes foi realizada biópsia hepática no final do experimento. Três animais do grupo GS adoeceram e dois morreram. Um ovino do grupo GSB adoeceu e morreu. Não houve alterações clínicas nos ovinos controles. Os principais sinais clínicos observados nos animais que adoeceram foram apatia, emagrecimento, fotofobia, hiperemia e secreção ocular e icterícia. Nenhum animal apresentou lesões cutâneas de fotossensibilização. O grupo que permaneceu no sol apresentou atividades séricas médias de AST e GGT significativamente maiores que a dos demais grupos (p≤0,05) e os animais que permaneceram na sombra apresentaram níveis maiores de GGT (p≤0,05) em comparação ao grupo controle. A histopatologia das amostras de fígados dos ovinos com sinais clínicos demonstrou tumefação e vacuolização de hepatócitos, necrose individual de hepatócitos, macrófagos espumosos com cristais birrefringentes intracitoplasmáticos e dentro de ductos biliares e infiltrado mononuclear periportal. Amostras do capim fornecidas aos cordeiros evidenciaram níveis médios de 0,94±0,80% da saponina protodioscina. As observações do presente experimento sugerem que a não exposição ao sol não evita a presença de sinais clínicos da intoxicação, mas que a exposição solar exacerba os sinais clínicos.Twenty-six five-month-old lambs originated from flocks with no previous contact with Brachiaria spp. pastures were divided into three groups. Two groups (GS and GSB) were fed daily with fresh harvested Brachiaria decumbens ad libitum. GS was kept in an area with solar exposure and GSB was kept in stalls sheltered from solar exposure. Control group (GC) was also kept under solar exposure, but fed with Cynodon dactylon grass hay and Pennisetum pur¬pureum fresh grass. All sheep from the three groups were supplemented with 200g daily of a commercial concentrated food. Evaluation of clinical signs was carried out daily and blood samples were collected twice a week to determine AST and GGT serum activities. Three out of nine lambs of GS presented clinical signs of Brachiaria spp. poisoning, and two died. One animal showed clinical signs and died in GSB. The main clinical signs observed were apathy, weight loss, photophobia, conjunctivitis, ocular mucous discharge and jaundice. Dermatitis due to photosensitization was not observed. Mean serum AST and GGT activities were significantly higher (p≤0,05) in the group exposed to sun, than in the other two groups, and the GGT activities were significantly higher in the group sheltered than in the control group (p≤0,05). All animals at the end of the experiment were submitted to liver biopsy and died lambs were necropsied. Histopathological evaluation of liver samples from sheep with clinical signs evidenced swelling and vacuolization of hepatocytes, individual hepatocytes necrosis, presence of foamy macrophages, crystal negative images within bile ducts and foamy macrophages, biliary duct hyperplasia and periportal mononuclear infiltration. These results suggest that sun exposure does not define intoxication, but exacerbates the toxicity of the grass

Hydronephrosis in a Dog Related to Ovariosalpingohysterectomy

Background: Hydronephrosis is the dilation of the pelvis and renal calyxes due to post-renal obstruction. The obstruction is often associated with extraluminal masses, blood clots and ureter ligation in castration procedures. Ureter ligation is reported as a malpractice. The renal function is reestablished if ligation is rapidly undone, but not for obstructions longer than four weeks. Often, clinical signs are results from months to years after the castration, when nephrectomy is the best therapeutic option. This paper aims to report a case of asymptomatic unilateral hydronephrosis in a 10-year-old dog caused by chronic ureter occlusion with Nylon 3.0 suture during an elective procedure.Case: A 10-year-old female pinscher dog, spayed 3 years ago was admitted at the Surgery Department of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Jataí (HV-UFJ). The animal was taken for periodontal treatment. In the physical and laboratory examination (complete blood count, hepatic and renal biochemical tests) no significant and noteworthy alterations were found. Ultrasonographic examination showed no changes in the topography and echotexture of the left kidney, however the right kidney was not visualized, with an anechoic structure suggestive of advanced and severe hydronephrosis. Therefore, exploratory laparotomy was proposed to identify the observed structure, with the periodontal treatment considered for a later time. So, a retroumbilical incision was made, followed by linea alba and the removal of simple isolated suture remaining from previous surgical procedure. In the cavity, the viscera were isolated and the left kidney was identified, observing preserved anatomy. On the other hand, the right kidney had altered topography and morphology, being exposed after release of adhesions in adjacent structures. The right renal artery and vein were dissected and a double ligature was made. Then, the right ureter was dissected, observing marked dilatation in the proximal portion and the presence of local ligation with Nylon 3.0. Right ureterectomy and right nephrectomy were performed. After nephrectomy, the capsule was ruptured, observing dark fluid in it and absence of tissue compatible with renal parenchyma. The material was preserved in 10% formaldehyde and sent for histopathological examination. Histopathology revealed risk of rupture of the renal capsule due to the advance of renal degeneration and complete absence of parenchyma. However, contrary to the severity of the histopathological, surgical and ultrasonographic findings, the patient did not present clinical signs at the time of diagnosis.Discussion: In the intraoperative evaluation, the cause of the hydronephrosis was verified to be in fact the ligation of the ureter, which may have been accidental or due to the malpractice of the veterinarian surgeon. Other possible causes such as adhesions and granulomas were ruled out because the Nylon 3.0 suture was found in the proximal portion of the right ureter. It is believed that the patient may have presented clinical signs of hydronephrosis that may have been confused by the tutors as postoperative complications, changes that if identified and performed in time, could have avoided the occurrence or worsening of hydronephrosis and subsequent nephrectomy. Clinically, the bitch did not show clinical signs presented in the literature as consistent with hydronephrosis such as polyuria, polydipsia, abdominalgia, external fistula and anorexia. Therefore, it is believed that this case is one of the first reports of the occurrence of severe hydronephrosis without typical clinical manifestations of hydronephrosis. This fact raises a warning about the thorough monitoring in the postoperative period by owners and veterinarians, in addition to highlighting concerns regarding the occurrence of medical malpractice versus surgical accidents. Keywords: castration, malpractice, nephrectomy, nylon

Dehydration and Hemodynamic Changes as Causa Mortis Associated with Trichuris vulpis in a Dog

Background: Trichuris vulpis, a species that belongs to Trichuris and shows a cosmopolitan distribution, parasitizes the gastrointestinal system of dogs causing trichuriasis. The infection occurs owing to ingestion of larval eggs and subsequent fixation of their adult form in the large intestine of the host. The objective of this paper is to report the case of a Border Collie dog that arrived at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) of the Federal University of Jataí (UFJ) after exhibiting signs of intense dehydration and sudden death caused by severe T. vulpis infection, and to elucidate the macroscopic and microscopic histopathological correlations observed during necropsy.Case: A 7-year-old male Border Collie dog was referred for routine necroscopic examination on suspicion of death from intoxication. In the history, there were reports of bone ingestion, restlessness, and polydipsia for three days, followed by sudden death. Although the animal presented an adequate body state during the necroscopic procedure, enophthalmia and pale oral and ocular mucosa were observed, which are characteristic signs of severe dehydration and anemia. On opening the abdominal cavity, the visceral serosa were found to be stained and severely dry. Greenish mucous content was observed throughout the intestine, and in the large intestine, a moderate amount of mucus associated with high parasitic infestation by elongated parasites attached to the mucosa was identified. The parasites were harvested, stored in airtight vials containing 70% alcohol, processed, and subsequently identified as T. vulpis.Discussion: The necroscopic findings associated with the histopathology were compatible with T. vulpis infestation at high parasite intensity, with severe destruction of the intestinal mucosa and inability of water absorption, resulting in severe dehydration. In cases of parasitism, villous atrophy with crypt hypertrophy occurs, a fact observed in the present case. Possibly crypt hypertrophy occurs prior to villous atrophy, and occurs independently of previous lesions of the absorptive compartment. This results in poor absorption. Advanced loss of gastrointestinal tract fluids can usually be extensive and lead to progressive dehydration with loss of isotonic and hypertonic fluids, which can also be observed in the observation of blood components, severely accelerating changes such as hypovolemia and posterior hemoconcentration. Hypovolemia from severe dehydration also decreases renal perfusion and reduces the rate of glomerular filtration. Hypovolemia also leads to decreased blood pumping capacity, which may lead to heart failure and pulmonary circulatory disorders with notable effects on gas exchange, which may cause hypoxemia and possibly lethal metabolic acidosis. The necropsy performed on the animal found a severe dehydration that could be sustained mainly owing to signs of hypovolemia, associated with a series of pathophysiological events with the massive presence of parasites identified as T. vulpis. The damage caused to the intestinal mucosa by the oral stylet, the movement, and toxins of the parasites led to a severe condition of villosities destruction and tissue necrosis, leading to a large loss of the absorption function of nutrients in the intestines and especially of water, resulting in a condition of severe dehydration. This imbalance of system functioning also alters cardiac function because of increased blood viscosity generating possible lardaceous clots, which in turn are indicative of anemia. This cycle of deleterious changes can result in hypovolemic shock and consequent sudden death

Misdiagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis: why do we still risk animal lives?

Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (CME) is a tick-borne disease caused by Ehrlichia canis that manifests as acute, chronic, or subclinical forms without specific clinical symptoms. This disease is diagnosed using clinical and laboratory findings (blood smears, molecular techniques, and serology). This study aimed to demonstrate the occurrence of false-positive results for Ehrlichia spp. in veterinary clinical practice. Seventy dogs with positive blood smears before treatment for Ehrlichia spp. subjected to doxycycline and imidazole treatment were analyzed using hematological examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and indirect immunofluorescence assay. PCR analysis identified no samples positive for E. canis according to PCR analysis, while serological techniques showed a frequency of 51.4% in dogs with antibodies (IgG) against Ehrlichia spp. There was a correlation between hyperproteinemia and titers > 10,240. Nonspecific changes occurred in 24.3% (17/70) of the patients with CME, such as anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The results indicated that the blood count and blood smear analysis were insufficient for diagnosis and that positive serological results associated with hematological changes suggestive of ehrlichiosis in dogs can be incorrectly assigned by a veterinarian, putting animals at risk.A Erliquiose Monocítica Canina (EMC) é uma doença transmitida por carrapatos causada pela Ehrlichia canis, apresentando formas aguda, crônica ou subclínica, sem sintomatologia clínica específica. O diagnóstico da doença é baseado na associação entre achados clínicos e laboratoriais (esfregaços de sangue, técnicas moleculares e sorologia). O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar a ocorrência de resultados falso-positivos para Ehrlichia spp. na prática clínica veterinária. Neste contexto, 70 cães com esfregaços sanguíneos positivos, antes do tratamento, para Ehrlichia spp. submetidos ao tratamento com doxiciclina e/ou imizol foram analisados por exame hematológico, testados por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e por ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta. Não houve a detecção de amostras positivas para E. canis pela análise de PCR, enquanto as técnicas sorológicas mostraram uma frequência de 51,4% de cães com anticorpos (IgG) contra Ehrlichia spp. Houve correlação entre hiperproteinemia e títulos > 10.240. 24,3% (17/70) apresentaram alterações inespecíficas que ocorreram na EMC, como anemia, leucopenia e trombocitopenia. Os resultados indicaram que o hemograma e a análise do esfregaço sanguíneo não foram suficientes para completar o diagnóstico em cães. No entanto, resultados sorológicos positivos associados a alterações hematológicas sugestivas de erliquiose em cães podem ser erroneamente atribuídos pelo veterinário, o que pode colocar em risco a vida dos animais

Female Cat Intravesical Sequestration after Ovariosalpingohisterectomy Using Nylon Clamp

Background: The nylon clamp, marketed as an accessory of electrical devices, has been used as an alternative method for definitive surgical hemostasis by ligature of arteriovenous vessels in ovariosalpingohisterectomy (OSH) in bitches and female cats. However, since May 2015, the Brazilian Veterinary Statutory Body (CFMV - Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária) banned its application, once it is a material still not regulated to be used in animals, in addition to the numerous reports of postoperative complications. This paper reports the migration of the clamp used in the OSH to the urinary bladder of the cat and the implications of the presence of the foreign body, in addition to discussing the use of this device in surgeries.Case: A 1-year-old Persian female cat, which, three months after an elective OSH in a private veterinary clinic, presented polyuria and hematuria. The patient presented pain at abdominal palpation; in the WBC were observed leucopenia and eosinophilia, indicating a chronic inflammatory process installed; the urinalysis showed the presence of crystals, increased urinary density, milky aspect indicating presence of pus, proteinuria and hematuria; on ultrasound were observed the presence of two amorphous mobile structures inside the bladder, producing acoustic shadow, measuring approximately 0.4 and 0.6 cm in diameter, suggesting the presence of bladder urolithiasis. Considering the results, the patient was sent for a cystotomy. The association of acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg), morphine (0.2 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg) was used intramuscularly as preanesthetic medication. For anesthetic induction, 5 mg/kg of propofol was applied intravenously, in addition to epidural anesthesia with 1 mL/4 kg of lidocaine along 0.1 mg/kg of morphine and, for maintenance, isoflurane in oxygen at 100% was used. Then, a four-centimeter retro-umbilical incision was performed to exhibit the bladder. After the incision on the ventral aspect of the bladder wall, a nylon clamp with approximately 0.8 cm, present in the lumen was found and removed. The seromuscular synthesis of the bladder was with a 3-0 mononylon simple continuous suture, the muscle with a 2-0 mononylon sultan pattern, and in the skin an interrupted simple suture using 2-0 nylon was performed. Postoperative care comprised by amoxicillin with potassium clavulanate (15 mg/kg, orally, 8/8 h, 7 d), meloxican (0.15 mg/kg, orally, 24/24 h, 4 d) and tramadol (12 mg/kg, orally, 12/12 h, 4 d). After ten days, surgical stitches were removed, with good healing and clinical improvement, as well as remission of the symptomatology reported on anamnesis and physical examination.Discussion: The pathophysiology of the nylon clip migration probably occurred in a similar way to the intravesical migration of intrauterine devices (IUDs) to the abdominal cavity, bladder and intestine, in women. According to reports, it is a progressive event, in which several factors may be involved, mainly: inadequate implantation of devices, uterine infections, use of contaminated medical instruments, among others, followed by an inflammatory process, perforation of the uterine wall by the device, adhesions and migration to adjacent structures. In the present report, it is believed that the clamp lock failed in the procedure performed by the veterinarian responsible for OSH, with subsequent loosening and detachment, and migration to the urinary bladder, an organ located ventrally to the uterine body. However, the following hypotheses can also be raised: pregnancy at the moment of castration, followed by uterine stump retraction and release of the clamp; contamination of surgical instruments; postoperative infections and adhesions involving the bladder